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Professor Deirdre Murphy
CHAIR IN OBSTETRICS, Obstetrics

Publications and Further Research Outputs

Peer-Reviewed Publications

Murphy D.J., Devane D., Molloy E., Shahabuddin Y., Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well-being during labour, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2023, (1), 2023 Journal Article, 2023 DOI

Murphy D.J., Shahabuddin Y., Yambasu S., O'Donoghue K., Devane D., Cotter A., Gaffney G., Burke L.A., Molloy E.J., Boland F., Digital fetal scalp stimulation (dFSS) versus fetal blood sampling (FBS) to assess fetal wellbeing in labour"a multi-centre randomised controlled trial: Fetal Intrapartum Randomised Scalp Stimulation Trial (FIRSST NCT05306756), Trials, 23, (1), 2022 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

Shahabuddin Y, Murphy DJ., Cervical ripening and labour induction: A critical review of the available methods., Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 79, 2022, p3-17 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

Hughes O, Murphy DJ., Comparing second-line tests to assess fetal wellbeing in Labor: a feasibility study and pilot randomized controlled trial., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 35, (1), 2022, p91-99 Journal Article, 2022 DOI

Hayes-Ryan D, Khashan AS, Hemming K, Easter C, Devane D, Murphy DJ, Hunter A, Cotter A, McAuliffe FM, Morrison JJ, Breathnach FM, Dempsey E, Kenny LC, O'Donoghue K, PARROT Ireland trial group., Placental growth factor in assessment of women with suspected pre-eclampsia to reduce maternal morbidity: a stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial (PARROT Ireland)., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 374, 2021, pn1857 Journal Article, 2021 DOI

Murphy DJ, Bahl R, Strachan B., Authors' reply re: Assisted Vaginal Birth: Green-top Guideline No. 26., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 127, (10), 2020, p1298 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Murphy DJ, Bahl R, Strachan B., Authors' reply re: Assisted vaginal birth: Green-top Guideline no. 26., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 127, (12), 2020, p1580-1581 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Barry PL, McMahon LE, Banks RA, Fergus AM, Murphy DJ., Prospective cohort study of water immersion for labour and birth compared with standard care in an Irish maternity setting., BMJ Open, 10, (12), 2020, pe038080 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Finucane EM, Murphy DJ, Biesty LM, Gyte GM, Cotter AM, Ryan EM, Boulvain M, Devane D., Membrane sweeping for induction of labour., The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 2, 2020, pCD000451 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Murphy DJ, Strachan BK, Bahl R, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists., Assisted Vaginal Birth: Green-top Guideline No. 26., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 127, (9), 2020, pe70-e112 Journal Article, 2020 DOI

Finucane E, Biesty L, Murphy DJ, Cotter A, Molloy EJ, O"Donnell M, Treweek S, Gillespie P, Campbell M, Morrison JJ, Alvarez-Iglesias A, Gyte G, Devane D, Feasibility study protocol of a pragmatic, randomised controlled pilot trial: Membrane sweeping to prevent post-term pregnancy: The MILO Study, 2020 Journal Article, 2020

Black M, Murphy DJ., Forceps delivery for non-rotational and rotational operative vaginal delivery., Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 56, 2019, p55-68 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Smith V, Begley C, Newell J, Higgins S, Murphy DJ, White MJ, Morrison JJ, Canny S, O'Donovan D, Devane D., Authors' reply re: Admission cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart in low-risk pregnancy during evaluation for possible labour admission-a multicentre randomised trial: the ADCAR trial., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 126, (3), 2019, p429-430 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Murphy DJ., Medico-legal considerations and operative vaginal delivery., Best practice & research. Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology, 56, 2019, p114-124 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Hayes-Ryan D, Hemming K, Breathnach F, Cotter A, Devane D, Hunter A, McAuliffe FM, Morrison JJ, Murphy DJ, Khashan A, McElroy B, Murphy A, Dempsey E, O'Donoghue K, Kenny LC., PARROT Ireland: Placental growth factor in Assessment of women with suspected pre-eclampsia to reduce maternal morbidity: a Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Control Trial Research Study Protocol., BMJ Open, 9, (2), 2019, pe023562 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Smith V, Begley C, Newell J, Higgins S, Murphy DJ, White MJ, Morrison JJ, Canny S, O'Donovan D, Devane D, Admission cardiotocography versus intermittent auscultation of the fetal heart in low-risk pregnancy during evaluation for possible labour admission - a multicentre randomised trial: the ADCAR trial, British Journal Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 126, 2019, p114 - 121 Journal Article, 2019 DOI

Adnan N, Conlan-Trant R, McCormick C, Boland F, Murphy DJ., Intramuscular versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery: randomised controlled trial., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 362, 2018, pk3546 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

Rowan CR, Cullen G, Mulcahy HE, Keegan D, Byrne K, Murphy DJ, Sheridan J, Doherty GA., Ustekinumab Drug Levels in Maternal and Cord Blood in a Woman With Crohn's Disease Treated Until 33 Weeks of Gestation., Journal of Crohn's & colitis, 12, (3), 2018, p376-378 Journal Article, 2018 DOI

Mahmood UT, O'Gorman C, Marchocki Z, O'Brien Y, Murphy DJ., Fetal scalp stimulation (FSS) versus fetal blood sampling (FBS) for women with abnormal fetal heart rate monitoring in labour: a prospective cohort study., J Matern Fet Neonatal Med, 19, 2017, p1 - 6 Journal Article, 2017

Adnan N, Boland F, Murphy DJ, Intramuscular oxytocin versus intravenous oxytocin to prevent postpartum haemorrhage at vaginal delivery (LabOR trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial, Trials, 18, (541), 2017, pDOI:S13063-017-2269-9 Journal Article, 2017

Impey LWM, Murphy DJ, Griffiths M, Penna LK on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists., External cephalic version and reducing the incidence of breech presentation., BJOG, 2017, pDOI 14466 Journal Article, 2017

Impey LWM, Murphy DJ, Griffiths M, Penna LK on behalf of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists., Management of breech presentation., BJOG, 2017, pDOI 13365 Journal Article, 2017

Deane RP, Murphy DJ, Student and staff experiences of attendance monitoring in undergraduate obstetrics and gynecology: a cross-sectional survey., Adv Med Educ Pract, 15, 2016, p172 - 176 Journal Article, 2016

Jardine JE, Law P, Hogg M, Murphy DJ, Khan KS; C-SAFETY, Haemorrhage at caesarean section: a framework for prevention and research., Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol, 28, (6), 2016, p492 - 498 Journal Article, 2016

Horan MA, Murphy DJ, Operative Vaginal Delivery; Case-based reviews, Obstet Gynecol Reprod Med Reviews, 26, (12), 2016, p358 - 363 Journal Article, 2016

Deane RP, Murphy DJ, Proposed learning strategies of medical students in a clinical rotation in obstetrics and gynecology: a descriptive study., Adv Med Educ Pract, 7, 2016, p489 - 496 Journal Article, 2016

Field K, Murphy DJ, Perinatal outcomes in a subsequent pregnancy among women who have experienced recurrent miscarriage: a retrospective cohort study., Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 30, (5), 2015, p1239-45 Journal Article, 2015

Clare Dunney, Kathryn Muldoon, Deirdre J Murphy, Alcohol consumption in pregnancy and its implications for breastfeeding, British Journal of Midwifery, Vol. 23 , (No. 2 | ), 2015, p126 - 134 Journal Article, 2015

Ooi PV, Ramphul M, Said S, Burke G, Kennelly MM, Murphy DJ., Ultrasound assessment of fetal head circumference at the onset of labor as a predictor of operative delivery., J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 28, (18), 2015, p182 - 186 Journal Article, 2015

Deane RP, Murphy DJ, Impact of a personal learning plan supported by an induction meeting on academic performance in undergraduate Obstetrics and Gynaecology: a cluster randomised controlled trial., BMC medical education, 15, 2015, p43 Journal Article, 2015

Deane RP, Joyce P, Murphy DJ, Team Objective Structured Bedside Assessment (TOSBA) as formative assessment in undergraduate Obstetrics and Gynaecology: a cohort study., BMC medical education, 15, 2015, p172 Journal Article, 2015

Dunney C, Murphy DJ., Healthy lifestyle behaviours in pregnancy:a prospective cohort study in Ireland., British Journal of Midwifery, 23, (12), 2015, p876 - 886 Journal Article, 2015

Ramphul M, Kennelly MM, Burke G, Murphy DJ, Risk factors and morbidity associated with suboptimal instrument placement at instrumental delivery: observational study nested within the Instrumental Delivery & Ultrasound randomised controlled trial ISRCTN 72230496., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 122, (4), 2015, p558-63 Journal Article, 2015

Murphy DJ, Financial rewards for pregnant smokers who quit., BMJ, 350, 2015, ph297- Journal Article, 2015

Butler K, Ramphul M, Dunney C, Farren M, McSweeney A, McNamara K, Murphy DJ, A prospective cohort study of the morbidity associated with operative vaginal deliveries performed by day and at night., BMJ open, 4, (10), 2014, pe006291 Journal Article, 2014

Ramphul M, Murphy DJ., Authors' reply: Does ultrasound determination of fetal occiput position improve labour outcome?, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 121, (10), 2014, p1312 - 1313 Journal Article, 2014 TARA - Full Text

Crosby DA, Ramphul M, Murphy DJ., Antenatal discussion of the risks and benefits of VBAC and ERCS., BJOG, 121, (11), 2014, p1440 - 1441 Journal Article, 2014

Ramphul M, Ooi PV, Burke G, Kennelly MM, Said SA, Montgomery AA, Murphy DJ, Instrumental delivery and ultrasound : a multicentre randomised controlled trial of ultrasound assessment of the fetal head position versus standard care as an approach to prevent morbidity at instrumental delivery., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 121, (8), 2014, p1029-38 Journal Article, 2014 DOI TARA - Full Text

Deirdre J Murphy, Clare Dunney, Aoife Mullally, Nita Adnan, Tom Fahey, Joe Barry, A prospective cohort study of alcohol exposure in early and late pregnancy within an urban population in Ireland, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, (2), 2014, p2049-63 Journal Article, 2014 DOI TARA - Full Text

Murphy DJ, Mullally A, Cleary BJ, Fahey T, Barry J, Behavioural change in relation to alcohol exposure in early pregnancy and impact on perinatal outcomes--a prospective cohort study., BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 13, 2013, p8 Journal Article, 2013 TARA - Full Text DOI

Ramphul, M., Kennelly, M., Murphy, D.J., Establishing the accuracy and acceptability of abdominal ultrasound to define the foetal head position in the second stage of labour: A validation study: Editorial comment, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 68, (1), 2013, p7-9 Journal Article, 2013

Deane RP, Murphy DJ, Student attendance and academic performance in undergraduate obstetrics/gynecology clinical rotations., JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association, 310, (21), 2013, p2282-8 Journal Article, 2013

Bahl R, Van de Venne M, Macleod M, Strachan B, Murphy DJ, Maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to the instrument used for mid-cavity rotational operative vaginal delivery: a prospective cohort study., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 120, (12), 2013, p1526-32 Journal Article, 2013

Bahl R, Murphy DJ, Strachan B, Decision-making in operative vaginal delivery: when to intervene, where to deliver and which instrument to use? Qualitative analysis of expert clinical practice., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 170, (2), 2013, p333-40 Journal Article, 2013

Macleod M, Goyder K, Howarth L, Bahl R, Strachan B, Murphy D, Morbidity experienced by women before and after operative vaginal delivery: prospective cohort study nested within a two-centre randomised controlled trial of restrictive versus routine use of episiotomy., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, doi:10.1111, 2013 Journal Article, 2013

Vaughan D, Cleary B, Murphy D, Delivery outcomes for nulliparous women at the extremes of maternal age - a cohort study., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 2013 Journal Article, 2013

Murphy DJ, Dunney C, Mullally A, Adnan N, Deane R, Population-Based Study of Smoking Behaviour throughout Pregnancy and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes., International journal of environmental research and public health, 10, (9), 2013, p3855-67 Journal Article, 2013 TARA - Full Text DOI

Murphy DJ, Fahey T, A retrospective cohort study of mode of delivery among public and private patients in an integrated maternity hospital setting., BMJ open, 3, (11), 2013, pe003865 Journal Article, 2013 DOI TARA - Full Text

Bahl R, Murphy DJ, Strachan B, Qualitative analysis by interviews and video recordings to establish the components of a skilled rotational forceps delivery., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 170, (2), 2013, p341-7 Journal Article, 2013

Cleary BJ, Eogan M, O'Connell MP, Fahey T, Gallagher PJ, Clarke T, White MJ, McDermott C, O'Sullivan A, Carmody D, Gleeson J, Murphy DJ, Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a prospective cohort study., Addiction (Abingdon, England), 107, (8), 2012, p1482-92 Journal Article, 2012

Cleary BJ, Reynolds K, Eogan M, O'Connell MP, Fahey T, Gallagher PJ, Clarke T, White MJ, McDermott C, O'Sullivan A, Carmody D, Gleeson J, Murphy DJ, Methadone dosing and prescribed medication use in a prospective cohort of opioid-dependent pregnant women., Addiction (Abingdon, England), doi:10.1111, 2012 Journal Article, 2012

Ramphul M, Kennelly M, Murphy DJ, Establishing the accuracy and acceptability of abdominal ultrasound to define the foetal head position in the second stage of labour: a validation study., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 164, (1), 2012, p35-9 Journal Article, 2012

Murphy DJ, Burke G, Montgomery AA, Ramphul M, Study protocol. IDUS - Instrumental delivery & ultrasound: a multi-centre randomised controlled trial of ultrasound assessment of the fetal head position versus standard care as an approach to prevent morbidity at instrumental delivery., BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 12, 2012, p95 Journal Article, 2012 TARA - Full Text DOI

Ramphul, M., Murphy, D.J., Role of ultrasound on the labor ward, Expert Review of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7, (6), 2012, p615-625 Journal Article, 2012

Scanlon, G., Mc Guckin, C., & Shevlin, M., Transitions., The Annual Conference of the European Teacher Education Network (ETEN), Coimbra, Portugal, 19-21 April, 2012 Conference Paper, 2012

Ramphul M, O'Brien Y, Murphy DJ, Strategies to enhance assessment of the fetal head position before instrumental delivery: a survey of obstetric practice in the United Kingdom and Ireland., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 165, (2), 2012, p181-8 Journal Article, 2012

O'Brien YM, Murphy DJ, The reliability of foetal blood sampling as a test of foetal acidosis in labour., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 00, 2012 Journal Article, 2012

Cleary, B.J., Murphy, D.J., Reply, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 205, (5), 2011 Journal Article, 2011

Cleary BJ, Murphy DJ., Methadone and perinatal outcomes: Research letter., American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 204, (2), 2011, p1 - 7 Journal Article, 2011

Aoife Mullally, Brian J Cleary, Joe Barry, Tom P Fahey and Deirdre J Murphy, Prevalence, predictors and perinatal outcomes of peri-conceptional alcohol exposure-retrospective cohort study in an urban obstetric population in Ireland, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 11, (27), 2011 Journal Article, 2011 TARA - Full Text

Cleary BJ, Donnelly JM, Strawbridge JD, Gallagher PJ, Fahey T, White MJ, Murphy DJ, Methadone and perinatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study., American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 204, (2), 2011, p139.e1-9 Journal Article, 2011 DOI

Sheehan SR, Montgomery AA, Carey M, McAuliffe FM, Eogan M, Gleeson R, Geary M, Murphy DJ, Oxytocin bolus versus oxytocin bolus and infusion for control of blood loss at elective caesarean section: double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 343, 2011, pd4661 Journal Article, 2011 TARA - Full Text

Murphy DJ, Macleod M, Bahl R, Strachan B, A cohort study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to use of sequential instruments at operative vaginal delivery., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 00, 2011 Journal Article, 2011 DOI

McLeod G, Munishankar B, MacGregor H, Murphy DJ, Maternal haemodynamics at elective caesarean section: a randomised comparison of oxytocin 5-unit bolus and placebo infusion with oxytocin 5-unit bolus and 30-unit infusion., International journal of obstetric anesthesia, 19, (2), 2010, p155-60 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Sheehan SR, Wedisinghe L, Macleod M, Murphy DJ, Implementation of guidelines on oxytocin use at caesarean section: a survey of practice in Great Britain and Ireland., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 148, (2), 2010, p121-4 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Mockler JC, Murphy DJ, Wallace EM, An Australian and New Zealand survey of practice of the use of oxytocin at elective caesarean section., The Australian and New Zealand journal of obstetrics & gynaecology, 50, (1), 2010, p30-5 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Hollinghurst S, Emmett C, Peters TJ, Watson H, Fahey T, Murphy DJ, Montgomery A, Economic evaluation of the DiAMOND randomized trial: cost and outcomes of 2 decision aids for mode of delivery among women with a previous cesarean section., Medical decision making : an international journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making, 30, (4), 2010, p453-63 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

McGuire M, Cleary B, Sahm L, Murphy DJ, Prevalence and predictors of periconceptional folic acid uptake--prospective cohort study in an Irish urban obstetric population., Human reproduction (Oxford, England), 25, (2), 2010, p535-43 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Begley CM, Gyte GM, Murphy DJ, Devane D, McDonald SJ, McGuire W, Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour., Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online), 7, (7), 2010, pCD007412 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Cleary BJ, Butt H, Strawbridge JD, Gallagher PJ, Fahey T, Murphy DJ, Medication use in early pregnancy-prevalence and determinants of use in a prospective cohort of women., Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety, 19, (4), 2010, p408-17 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Uma R, Forsyth SJ, Struthers AD, Fraser CG, Godfrey V, Murphy DJ., Polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in early-onset and late onset pre-eclampsia., Journal of Maternal Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 23, (8), 2010, p874 - 879 Journal Article, 2010

Bahl R, Murphy DJ, Strachan B, Non-technical skills for obstetricians conducting forceps and vacuum deliveries: qualitative analysis by interviews and video recordings., European journal of obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology, 150, (2), 2010, p147-51 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Emmett CL, Montgomery AA, Murphy DJ, Preferences for mode of delivery after previous caesarean section: what do women want, what do they get and how do they value outcomes?, Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy, 2010, p1369 - 7625 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Uma R, Forsyth JS, Struthers AD, Fraser CG, Godfrey V, Murphy DJ, Polymorphisms of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in relation to intrauterine growth restriction., Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica, 89, (9), 2010, p1197 - 1201 Journal Article, 2010

Cleary BJ, Donnelly J, Strawbridge J, Gallagher PJ, Fahey T, Clarke M, Murphy DJ, Methadone dose and neonatal abstinence syndrome-systematic review and meta-analysis., Addiction (Abingdon, England), 105, (12), 2010, p2071-84 Journal Article, 2010 DOI

Sheehan SR, Murphy DJ., Can repeated courses of antenatal corticosteroids for threatened preterm birth be justified?, Expert Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 4, 2009, p223 - 226 Journal Article, 2009

Butt, H., Murphy, D.J., Prolonged second stage of labour including difficult decision-making on operative vaginal delivery and caesarean section, Best Practice in Labour and Delivery, 2009, p84-92 Journal Article, 2009

Bahl R, Murphy DJ, Strachan B, Qualitative analysis by interviews and video recordings to establish the components of a skilled low-cavity non-rotational vacuum delivery., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 116, (2), 2009, p319-26 Journal Article, 2009 DOI

Campbell R, Murphy DJ., Smoking in pregnancy (Editorial)., British Medical Journal, 338, 2009, pb2188 Journal Article, 2009

Murphy DJ, MacGregor H, Munishankar B, McLeod G., A randomised controlled trial of oxytocin 5IU and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5IU and 30IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section - pilot study., European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 142, (1), 2009, p30 - 33 Journal Article, 2009

Barrett N, Sheehan SR, Murphy DJ, A complication after a previous caesarean section., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 339, 2009, pb2979 Journal Article, 2009

Murphy DJ, Carey M, Montgomery AA, Sheehan SR, Study protocol. ECSSIT - Elective Caesarean Section Syntocinon Infusion Trial. A multi-centre randomised controlled trial of oxytocin (Syntocinon) 5 IU bolus and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5 IU bolus and 40 IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section., BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 9, 2009, p36- Journal Article, 2009 DOI TARA - Full Text URL

Murphy, D.J., MacGregor, H., Munishankar, B., McLeod, G., A randomised controlled trial of oxytocin 5IU and placebo infusion versus oxytocin 5IU and 30IU infusion for the control of blood loss at elective caesarean section-Pilot study. ISRCTN 40302163, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 142, (1), 2009, p30-33 Journal Article, 2009

Barrett, N., Sheehan, S.R., Murphy, D.J., Case report: A complication after a previous caesarean section, BMJ (Online), 339, (7717), 2009 Journal Article, 2009

Frost J, Shaw A, Montgomery A, Murphy DJ, Women's views on the use of decision aids for decision making about the method of delivery following a previous caesarean section: qualitative interview study., BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology, 116, (7), 2009, p896-905 Journal Article, 2009 DOI

Inkster ME, Fahey TP, Donnan PT, Leese GP, Mires GJ, Murphy DJ, The role of modifiable pre-pregnancy risk factors in preventing adverse fetal outcomes among women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes., Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 88, (10), 2009, p1153-7 Journal Article, 2009 DOI

Macleod M, Strachan B, Bahl R, Howarth L, Goyder K, Van de Venne M, Murphy DJ., A prospective cohort study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to use of episiotomy at operative vaginal delivery., British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 2008, p1688 - 1694 Journal Article, 2008

Murphy DJ, Bahl R., Long-term follow up of infants after operative vaginal delivery. (letter), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 197, 2008, p25 Journal Article, 2008

Uma R, Forsyth JS, Struthers AD, Fraser CG, Godfrey V, Murphy DJ., Correlation of angiotensin conveerting enzyme activity and the genotypes of the I/D polymorphism in the ACE gene with preterm birth and birth weight., European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 141, 2008, p27 - 30 Journal Article, 2008

Murray A, Murphy DJ., Vasa praevia, The Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, 10, 2008, p217 - 223 Journal Article, 2008

Wedisinghe L, Macleod M, Murphy DJ., Use of oxytocin to prevent haemorrhage at caesarean section - A survey of practice in the United Kingdom., European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 137, 2008, p27 - 30 Journal Article, 2008

McCandlish, R., Brocklehurst, P., Campbell, R., Logan, M., Macfarlane, A., McCourt, C., Miller, A., Murphy, D., Newburn, M., Petrou, S., Puddicombe, D., Redshaw, M., Rowe, R., Schroeder, E., Sandall, J., Silverton, L., Stewart, M., Marlow, N., National evaluation safety and cost-effectiveness of planned place of birth, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, (8), 2008, p1063-1064 Journal Article, 2008

Murphy DJ, Macleod M, Bahl R, Goyder K, Howarth L, Strachan B., A randomised controlled trial of routine versus restrictive use of episiotomy at operative vaginal delivery - a multi-centre pilot study., British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 2008, p1695 - 1702 Journal Article, 2008

Sheehan S, MacMillan H, Murphy DJ., Acute intrapartum obstetric emergency (vasa previa), British Medical Journal, 337, 2008 Journal Article, 2008

Murphy, D.J., Bahl, R., Reply, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 198, (2), 2008, p243-244 Journal Article, 2008

Sheehan, S.R., Murphy, D.J., A pregnant Jehovah's witness., BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 337, 2008 Journal Article, 2008

Murphy DJ, Macleod M, Bahl R, Strachan S., Operative vaginal delivery and episiotomy. (letter), British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 115, 2008, p1065 Journal Article, 2008

Sheehan S, Murphy DJ., A case of postpartum haemorrhage in a Jehovah's witness., British Medical Journal, 337, 2008, pa1935 Journal Article, 2008

Macleod M, Murphy DJ., Operative vaginal delivery and the use of episiotomy - A survey of practice in the United Kingdom and Ireland., European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 136, 2008, p178 - 183 Journal Article, 2008

Cromwell D, Joffe T, Hughes R, Murphy DJ, Dhillon C, van der Meulen J., The local adaptation of national recommendations for preventing early-onset neonatal Group B streptococcal disease in UK maternity units., Journal of Health Services Research Policy, 13, (2), 2008, p52 - 57 Journal Article, 2008

Emmet C, Montgomery A, Fahey T, Patel R, Macleod M, Murphy DJ., Decision-making about mode of delivery after previous caesarean section: development and piloting of two computer-based decision aids., Health Expectations, 10, 2007, p161 - 172 Journal Article, 2007

Uma R, Forsyth S, Fraser C, Struthers A, Murphy DJ., The influence of mode of delivery and ACE genotype on serum Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) activity in the mother and infant at term., European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 134, (2), 2007, p179 - 183 Journal Article, 2007

Walsh JM, Murphy DJ., Weight and pregnancy (Editorial), British Medical Journal, 28, (335), 2007, p169 Journal Article, 2007

Murphy DJ, Koh DM., Cohort study of the decision to delivery interval and neonatal outcome for 'emergency' operative vaginal delivery., American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 196, (145), 2007, pe1 - 7 Journal Article, 2007

Patel RR, Peters T, Murphy DJ., Is operative delivery associated with postnatal back pain at eight weeks and eight months? A cohort study., Acta Obstetrica Gynecologica Scandinavica, 86, (11), 2007, p1322 - 1327 Journal Article, 2007

Montgomery AA, Emmett CL, Fahey T, Jones C, Ricketts I, Patel RR, Peters TJ, Murphy DJ., Two decision aids for mode of delivery among women with previous caesarean section: randomised controlled trial., Briotish Medical Journal, 334, (7607), 2007, p1305- Journal Article, 2007

Libby G, Murphy DJ, McEwan NF, Greene SA, Forsyth JS, Chien PW, Morris AD, DARTS/MEMO Collaboration., Pre-eclampsia and the later development of type 2 diabetes in mothers and their children: an intergenerational study from the Walker cohort., Diabetalogia, 50, 2007, p523 - 530 Journal Article, 2007

Murphy DJ., Epidemiology and environmental factors in preterm labour, Best Practice Research, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 21, (5), 2007, p773 - 789 Journal Article, 2007

Bahl R, Patel RR, Swingler R, Ellis M, Murphy DJ., Neurodevelopmental outcomes at 5 years after operative delivery in the second stage of labor: a cohort study., American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 197, (147), 2007, pe1 - 6 Journal Article, 2007

Murphy DJ., Uterine rupture, Current Opinions in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 18, 2006, p135 - 140 Journal Article, 2006

Murphy DJ., Current thinking on maternal and neonatal morbidity related to cesarean section, Expert Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1, 2006, p93 - 102 Journal Article, 2006

Frost J, Pope C, Liebling R, Murphy DJ., Utopian theory and the discourse of natural birth., Social Theory and Health, 4, 2006, p299 - 318 Journal Article, 2006

Inkster ME, Fahey TP, Donnan PT, Leese GP, Mires GJ, Murphy DJ., Poor glycated haemoglobin and adverse pregnancy outcomes in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes mellitus - Systematic review of observational studies., BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 6, 2006, p30 Journal Article, 2006 TARA - Full Text

Spencer, C., Murphy, D., Bewley, S., Caesarean delivery in the second stage of labour, British Medical Journal, 333, (7569), 2006, p613-614 Journal Article, 2006

Spencer C, Murphy DJ, Bewley S., Caesarean section in the second stage of labour (Editorial), British Medical Journal, 333, 2006, p613 - 614 Journal Article, 2006

Emmet CL, Shaw AR, Montgomery AA, Murphy DJ, DIAMOND Study Group., Women's experience of decision-making about mode of delivery after caesarean section: the role of health profesionals and information about health risks., British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 113, 2006, p1438 - 1445 Journal Article, 2006

Hannah, M.E., Whyte, H., Hannah, W.J., Hewson, S., Amankwah, K., Cheng, M., Gafni, A., Guselle, P., Helewa, M., Hodnett, E.D., Hutton, E., Kung, R., McKay, D., Ross, S., Saigal, S., Willan, A., Murphy, D.J., Similar maternal outcomes at 2 years after planned cesarean section or planned vaginal birth for breech presentation at term, Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology, 7, (3), 2005, p132-134 Journal Article, 2005

Milne, F., Redman, C., Walker, J., Baker, P., Bradley, J., Cooper, C., De Swiet, M., Fletcher, G., Jokinen, M., Murphy, D., Nelson-Piercy, C., Osgood, V., Robson, S., Shennan, A., Tuffnell, A., Twaddle, S., Waugh, J., The pre-eclampsia community guideline (PRECOG): How to screen for and detect onset of pre-eclampsia in the community, British Medical Journal, 330, (7491), 2005, p576-580 Journal Article, 2005

Liebling, R.E., Murphy, D.J., Soothill, P.W., Reply, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 192, (5 SPEC. ISS.), 2005, p1759-1760 Journal Article, 2005

Youssef, R., Ramalingam, U., MacLeod, M., Murphy, D.J., Cohort study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to use of episiotomy at instrumental vaginal delivery, Obstetrical and Gynecological Survey, 60, (12), 2005, p787-788 Journal Article, 2005

Murphy, D.J., Shifting the balance of care - Or imaginative healthcare accounting?, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, (1), 2005 Journal Article, 2005

Lewis, R., Scrutton, M., Lee, P., Standen, G.R., Murphy, D.J., Antenatal and Intrapartum care of a pregnant woman with glycogen storage disease type 1a [2], European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 118, (1), 2005, p111-112 Journal Article, 2005

Youssef, R., Ramalingam, U., Macleod, M., Murphy, D.J., Cohort study of maternal and neonatal morbidity in relation to use of episiotomy at instrumental vaginal delivery, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, (7), 2005, p941-945 Journal Article, 2005

Bahl, R., Strachan, B., Murphy, D.J., Pelvic floor morbidity at 3 years after instrumental delivery and cesarean delivery in the second stage of labor and the impact of a subsequent delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 192, (3), 2005, p789-794 Journal Article, 2005

Patel, R.R., Peters, T.J., Murphy, D.J., Prenatal risk factors for Caesarean section. Analyses of the ALSPAC cohort of 12 944 women in England, International Journal of Epidemiology, 34, (2), 2005, p353-367 Journal Article, 2005

Patel, R.R., Murphy, D.J., Peters, T.J., Operative delivery and postnatal depression: A cohort study, British Medical Journal, 330, (7496), 2005, p879-881 Journal Article, 2005

Uma, R., Libby, G., Murphy, D.J., Obstetric management of a woman's first delivery and the implications for pelvic floor surgery in later life, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 112, (8), 2005, p1043-1046 Journal Article, 2005

Murphy, D.J., Libby, G., Chien, P., Forsyth, S., Greene, S., Morris, A., Cohort study of forceps delivery and the risk of epilepsy in adulthood, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191, (2), 2004, p392-397 Journal Article, 2004

Williams, K.P., Farquharson, D.F., Bebbington, M., Dansereau, J., Galerneau, F., Wilson, R.D., Shaw, D., Kent, N., Uma, R., Murphy, D.J., Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound test reduced cesarean delivery for fetal distress, compared to nonstress test, Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology, 6, (2), 2004, p70-71 Journal Article, 2004

Montgomery, A.A., Emmett, C., Fahey, T., Gregor, P., Hollinghurst, S., Jones, C., Lovering, B., Montgomery, A., Munro, I., Murphy, D., Patel, R., Peters, T., Ricketts, I., Schlegelmilch, A., Shaw, A., Vedhara, K., Warren, K., The DiAMOND trial protocol: A randomised controlled trial of two decision aids for mode of delivery among women with a previous caesarean section [ISRCTN8437722], BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 4, 2004 Journal Article, 2004

Bahl, R., Strachan, B., Murphy, D.J., Outcome of subsequent pregnancy three years after previous operative delivery in the second stage of labour: Cohort study, British Medical Journal, 328, (7435), 2004, p311-314 Journal Article, 2004

Patel, R.R., Murphy, D.J., Forceps delivery in modern obstetric practice, British Medical Journal, 328, (7451), 2004, p1302-1305 Journal Article, 2004

Boyd, J.B., Mehta, A., Murphy, D.J., Fertility and pregnancy outcomes in men and women with cystic fibrosis in the United Kingdom, Human Reproduction, 19, (10), 2004, p2238-2243 Journal Article, 2004

Murphy, D.J., Fowlie, P.W., McGuire, W., ABC of preterm birth: Obstetric issues in preterm birth, British Medical Journal, 329, (7469), 2004, p783-786 Journal Article, 2004

Lee, N., Patel, R., Liebling, R., Murphy, D., Operative delivery and breastfeeding success (multiple letters), Birth, 31, (2), 2004 Journal Article, 2004

Liebling, R.E., Swingler, R., Patel, R.R., Verity, L., Soothill, P.W., Murphy, D.J., Pelvic floor morbidity up to one year after difficult instrumental delivery and cesarean section in the second stage of labor: A cohort study, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 191, (1), 2004, p4-10 Journal Article, 2004

Patel, R.R., Liebling, R.E., Murphy, D.J., Effect of Operative Delivery in the Second Stage of Labor on Breastfeeding Success, Birth, 30, (4), 2003, p255-260 Journal Article, 2003

Nybo Andersen, A.M., Vastrup, P., Wohlfahrt, J., Andersen, P.K., Olsen, J., Melbye, M., Uma, R., Murphy, D.J., Fever in the first 16 weeks of pregnancy did not increase the risk of fetal death, Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5, (3), 2003, p111-112 Journal Article, 2003

Porter, M., Bhattacharya, S., Murphy, D.J., Stirrat, G.M., Heron, J., Caesarean section and subfertility (multiple letters), Human Reproduction, 18, (1), 2003, p217-218 Journal Article, 2003

Jobe, A.H., Murphy, D.J., Antenatal steroids in twins [3] (multiple letters), American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188, (3), 2003, p856-857 Journal Article, 2003

Murphy, D.J., Liebling, R.E., Patel, R., Verity, L., Swingler, R., Cohort study of operative delivery in the second stage of labour and standard of obstetric care, BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 110, (6), 2003, p610-615 Journal Article, 2003

Murphy, D.J., Redman, C.W., Brown, M.A., Homer, C.S.E., Davis, G.K., Mangos, G., The clinical utility of routine urinalysis in pregnancy (multiple letters), Medical Journal of Australia, 178, (10), 2003, p524-525 Journal Article, 2003

Murphy, D.J., Pope, C., Frost, J., Liebling, R.E., Women's views on the impact of operative delivery in the second stage of labour: Qualitative interview study, British Medical Journal, 327, (7424), 2003, p1132-1135 Journal Article, 2003

Murphy, D.J., Liebling, R.E., Cohort study of maternal views on future mode of delivery after operative delivery in the second stage of labor, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 188, (2), 2003, p542-548 Journal Article, 2003

Caukwell, S., Murphy, D.J., The effect of mode of delivery and gestational age on neonatal outcome of the non-cephalic-presenting second twin, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 187, (5), 2002, p1356-1361 Journal Article, 2002

Murphy, D.J., Caukwell, S., Joels, L.A., Wardle, P., Cohort study of the neonatal outcome of twin pregnancies that were treated with prophylactic or rescue antenatal corticosteroids, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 187, (2), 2002, p483-488 Journal Article, 2002

Bobrow, C.S., Holmes, R.P., Muttukrishna, S., Mohan, A., Groome, N., Murphy, D.J., Soothill, P.W., Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone trajectories vary depending on the cause of preterm delivery, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 186, (2), 2002, p257-260 Journal Article, 2002

Murphy, D.J., Charlett, P., Cohort study of near-miss maternal mortality and subsequent reproductive outcome, European Journal of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 102, (2), 2002, p173-178 Journal Article, 2002

Akande, V., Murphy, D.J., Leviton, A., Stewart, J.E., Allred, E.N., Dammann, O., Kuban, K., Davies, M., Norman, R., Dahlquist, G., Finnström, O., Köster, M., Strömberg, B., Neurological sequelae in in-vitro fertilisation babies [3] (multiple letters), Lancet, 360, (9334), 2002, p717-719 Journal Article, 2002

Murphy, D.J., An obstetric perspective, Lancet, 360, (9337), 2002 Journal Article, 2002

Murphy, D.J., Stirrat, G.M., Heron, J., The relationship between Caesarean section and subfertility in a population-based sample of 14 541 pregnancies, Human Reproduction, 17, (7), 2002, p1914-1917 Journal Article, 2002

Murphy, D.J., Midline episiotomy was associated with a greater risk of anal incontinence than perineal tear or intact perineum, Evidence-based Obstetrics and Gynecology, 3, (1), 2001, p16-17 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Kyle, P., Soothill, P.W., Invasive procedures | Técnicas invasivas, Cuadernos de Medicina Reproductiva, 7, (1), 2001, p155-173 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Liebling, R.E., Verity, L., Swingler, R., Patel, R., Early maternal and neonatal morbidity associated with operative delivery in second stage of labour: A cohort study, Lancet, 358, (9289), 2001, p1203-1207 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Failure to progress in the second stage of labour, Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 13, (6), 2001, p557-561 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Effect of antenatal corticosteroids on postmortem brain weight of preterm babies, Early Human Development, 63, (2), 2001, p113-122 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Kyle, P.M., Cairns, P., Weir, P., Cusick, E., Soothill, P.W., Ex-utero intrapartum treatment for cervical teratoma, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 108, (4), 2001, p429-430 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Commentary: Obstetric morbidity data and the need to evaluate thromboembolic disease, British Medical Journal, 322, (7294), 2001, p1093-1094 Journal Article, 2001

Murphy, D.J., Stirrat, G.M., Mortality and morbidity associated with early-onset preeclampsia, Hypertension in Pregnancy, 19, (2), 2000, p221-231 Journal Article, 2000

Murphy, D.J., Stirrat, G.M., The mortality and morbidity associated with very preterm pre-eclampsia, Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 11, (1), 1999, p11-15 Journal Article, 1999

Murphy, D.J., Hope, P.L., Johnson, A., Neonatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm babies: Case-control study, British Medical Journal, 314, (7078), 1997, p404-408 Journal Article, 1997

Murphy, D.J., Squier, M.V., Hope, P.L., Clinical associations and time of onset of cerebral white matter damage in very preterm babies, Radiology, 205, (2), 1997, p591-592 Journal Article, 1997

Allred, E.N., Dammann, O., Kuban, K., Leviton, A., Pagano, M., Murphy, D.J., Neonatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm babies (Multiple letters) [8], British Medical Journal, 314, (7094), 1997 Journal Article, 1997

Murphy, D.J., Hope, P.L., Johnson, A., Ultrasound findings and clinical antecedents of cerebral palsy in very preterm infants, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 74, (2 SUPPL.), 1996 Journal Article, 1996

Murphy, D.J., Johnson, A., Grether, J.K., Nelson, K.B., Placental infection and risk of cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants [6] (multiple letters), Journal of Pediatrics, 129, (5), 1996, p776-778 Journal Article, 1996

Murphy, D.J., Squier, M.V., Hope, P.L., Sellers, S., Johnson, A., Clinical associations and time of onset of cerebral white matter damage in very preterm babies, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 75, (1 SUPPL.), 1996 Journal Article, 1996

Murphy, D.J., Johnson, A., Antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in preterm babies, Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 8, (1), 1996, p20-24 Journal Article, 1996

Murphy, D.J., Johnson, A.M., Sellers, S., MacKenzie, I.Z., Case-control study of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singleton babies, The Lancet, 346, (8988), 1995, p1449-1454 Journal Article, 1995

Murphy, D.J., MacKenzie, I.Z., The mortality and morbidity associated with umbilical cord prolapse, British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 102, (10), 1995, p826-830 Journal Article, 1995

Murphy, D., Lynch, M., Mulcahy, F., Zidovudine related arthropathy, British Medical Journal, 309, (6947), 1994 Journal Article, 1994

Murphy, D., Lynch, M., Desmond, N., Mulcahy, F.M., Contraceptive practices in HIV seropositive females in Ireland, International Journal of STD and AIDS, 4, (2), 1993, p107-109 Journal Article, 1993

Desmond, N., Lynch, M., Murphy, D., Mulcahy, F., Tuberculous epididymitis: A case report in an HIV seropositive male, International Journal of STD and AIDS, 4, (3), 1993, p178-179 Journal Article, 1993

Non-Peer-Reviewed Publications

Operative delivery. in, editor(s)Kenny L, Myers J , Obstetrics by Ten Teachers, London, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017, pp233 - 255, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2017

Normal and abnormal labour in, editor(s)Kenny L & Myers J , Obstetrics by Ten Teachers, United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis Group, 2017, pp193 - 233, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2017

Prolonged second stage of labour including difficult decisions about operative delivery in, editor(s)Arulkumaran S , Best Practice in Labour and Delivery, United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2016, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2016

Malpresentation, malposition and cephalopelvic disproportion. in, editor(s)Arulkumaran S , Oxford Textbook of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2016, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2016

Operative Delivery in, editor(s)Magowan B, Owens P, Thomson A. , Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Edinburgh, Elsevier, 2014, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2014

Indications and assessment for operative vaginal delivery. in, editor(s)Attilakos G, Draycott T, Gale A, Siassakos D, Winter C. , ROBUST Manual, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014, [Murphy DJ, Ramphul M] Book Chapter, 2014

Prevalence and predictors of periconceptional folic acid use. in, editor(s)Hollins-Martin CJ, van der Akker OBA, Martin CR, Preedy VR, , Handbook of diet and nutrition in the menstrual cycle, periconception and fertility., Netherlands, Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2014, [Deane R, Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2014

Uterine rupture in, editor(s)Eyal Sheiner , Bleeding during pregnancy, US, Springer Verlag, 2011, [Sheehan S, Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2011

Operative delivery in, editor(s)Magowan B, Owen P, Drife J. , Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Edinburgh, Elsevier, 2009, [Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2009

Second stage of labour in, editor(s)Arulkumeran S , Best Practice and Research in Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Oxfordshire, Elsevier, 2009, [Butt H, Murphy DJ] Book Chapter, 2009

Operative vaginal delivery - a dying art. in, editor(s)Bonnar J, Dunlop W , Recent Advances in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, London, The Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd, 2008, [Walsh J, Murphy DJ.] Book Chapter, 2008

Research Expertise

Keywords

Birth/Congenital Defects; Cerebral Palsy; Child/Maternal Health; Clinical Trial; Emotional/Mental Health--Women; Epidemiology; Health attitudes and behaviour; Medical Decision-Making; Neonatal Disorders; Obstetrics/Gynecology; Perinatal Disorders; Perinatal health; Pharmacoepidemiology; Pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth retardation; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Disorders; Prenatal Factors; Registries