Dr. Gillian Martin

• Leadership and culture in the Republic of Ireland in, editor(s)Chhokar, Jagdeep S. and Brodbek, Felix C. and House, Robert J. , Culture and leadership across the world : the GLOBE book of in-depth studies of 25 societies, Mahwah, N.J., Lawrence Erblaum Associates, 2007, pp361 - 396, [Keating, Mary A. and Martin, Gillian S.]Book Chapter, 2007, DOI , URL
• Culture, communication and organisation: what can linguists, psychologists and organisation theorists learn from each other? in, editor(s)Chambers, Angela and Ó Baoill, Dónall P. , Intercultural communication and language learning , Dublin, Irish Association for Applied Linguistics in association with the Royal Irish Academy, 1999, pp263 - 272, [Martin, Gillian S. and Donnelly-Cox, Gemma and Keating, Mary]Book Chapter, 1999
• Cross-cultural leadership research: the case for an interdisciplinary approach? in, editor(s)Beneke, Jürgen , Thriving on diversity: cultural differences in the workplace, Bonn, Dümmler Verlag, 1998, pp47 - 63, [Martin, Gillian S. and Keating, Mary A. and Donnelly-Cox, Gemma]Book Chapter, 1998
• McGowan, E., Martin, G., Stokes, E., Perceptions of Leadership: A Comparison of Physiotherapists' Views in Canada and Ireland., Physiotherapy Canada, 68, (2), 2016, p106 - 113Journal Article, 2016, DOI
• Breffni O'Rourke, Helen O'Sullivan, Gillian Martin, A discourse-analytic framework for conversational engagement in online discussion tasks, part 2: level of analytic depth, Eurocall 2015, Padova, 26-29 August 2015, 2015Conference Paper, 2015, URL
• Schöpf, A., Martin, G. S., Keating, M. A., Humor as a Communication Strategy in Provider-Patient Communication in a Chronic Care Setting, Qualitative Health Research , 2016, p1 - 27Journal Article, 2016, DOI , URL
• What Ethical Leadership means to me. in, editor(s)Andreas Kaplan ESCP, Europe, France. , European Business and Management, India., SAGE Publications Ltd., 2015, pp1-20 , [Resick, C; Martin, G.S., Keating, M.A., Dickson, M.W., Kwan H and Peng c.]Book Chapter, 2015
• Den Hartog, D.N., House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Antonio Ruiz-Quintanilla, S., Dorfman, P.W., Abdalla, I.A., Adetoun, B.S., Aditya, R.N., Agourram, H., Akande, A., Akande, B.E., Akerblom, S., Altschul, C., Alvarez-Backus, E., Andrews, J., Arias, M.E., Arif, M.S., Ashkanasy, N.M., Asllani, A., Audia, G., Bakacsi, G., Bendova, H., Beveridge, D., Bhagat, R.S., Blacutt, A., Bao, J., Bodega, D., Bodur, M., Booth, S., Booysen, A.E., Bourantas, D., Brenk, K., Brodbeck, F., Carl, D.E., Castel, P., Chang, C.-C., Chau, S., Cheung, F., Chhokar, J.S., Chiu, J., Cosgriff, P., Dastmalchian, A., Coleta, J.A.D., Coleta, M.F.D., Deneire, M., Dickson, M., Donnelly-Cox, G., Earley, C., Elgamal, M.A.E., Erez, M., Falkus, S., Fearing, M., Field, R.H.G., Fimmen, C., Frese, M., Fu, P., Gorsler, B., Gratchev, M.V., Gupta, V., Gutierrez, C., Hartanto, F.M., Hauser, M., Holmberg, I., Holzer, M., Hoppe, M., Howell, J.P., Ibrieva, E., Ickis, J.C., Ismail, Z., Jarmuz, S., Javidan, M., Jesuino, J.C., Ji, L., Jone, K.-Y., Jones, G., Jorbenadse, R., Kabasakal, H., Keating, M., Keller, A., Kennedy, J.C., Kim, J.S., Kipiani, G., Kipping, M., Konrad, E., Koopman, P.L., Kuan, F.-Y., Kurc, A., Lacassagne, M.-F., Lee, S.M., Leeds, C., Leguizamon, F., Lindell, M., Lobell, J., Luthans, F., Maczynski, J., Mansor, N., Martin, G., Martin, M., Martinez, S.M., Messallam, A., McMillen, C., Misumi, E., Misumi, J., Al-Homoud, M., Ngin, P.M., O"Connell, J., Ogliastri, E., Papalexandris, N., Peng, T.K., Preziosa, M.M., Prieto, J.M., Rakitsky, B., Reber, G., Rogovsky, N., Roy-Bhattacharya, J., Rozen, A., Sabadin, A., Sahaba, M., De Bustamante, C.S., Santana-Melgoza, C., Sauers, D.A., Schramm-Nielsen, J., Schultz, M., Shi, Z., Sigfrids, C., Song, K.-C., Szabo, E., Teo, A.C., Thierry, H., Tjakranegara, J.H., Trimi, S., Tsui, A.S., Ubolwanna, P., Van Wyk, M.W., Vondrysova, M., Weibler, J., Wilderom, C., Wu, R., Wunderer, R., Yakob, N.R.N., Yang, Y., Yin, Z., Yoshida, M., Zhou, J., Culture specific and crossculturally generalizable implicit leadership theories: Are attributes of charismatic/transformational leadership universally endorsed?, Leadership Quarterly, 10, (2), 1999, p219-252Journal Article, 1999
• Intercultural Communication in Health Care Settings in, editor(s)Jane Jackson , The Routledge Handbook of Language and Intercultural Communication , , Routledge, 2020, pp503 - 520, [Gillian Martin and Jonathan Crichton]Book Chapter, 2020
• Keating, M. & Martin, G. S. , Managing Cross-Cultural Business Relations: The Irish-German Experience, Dublin, Blackhall, 2004Book, 2004
• Martin, G.S., German-Irish Sales Negotiation: Theory, Practice and Pedagogical Implications, Frankfurt, Forum Linguisticum, Peter Lang, 2001Book, 2001
• German-Irish Business Negotiation: The Cultural Dimension in, editor(s)Keating, M. and Martin, G.S. , Managing Cross-Cultural Business Relations: The Irish-German Experience, Dublin, Blackhall, 2004, pp73 - 107, [Martin, G. S.]Book Chapter, 2004
• Organisational Leadership in Ireland and Germany in, editor(s)Keating, M. and Martin, G.S. , Managing Cross-Cultural Business Relations: The Irish-German Experience, Dublin, Blackhall, 2004, pp41 - 69, [Martin, G.S., Keating, M., Brodbeck, F.C.]Book Chapter, 2004
• Cross-Cultural Difference: A Comparison of Societal Culture in Ireland and Germany in, editor(s)Keating, M. and Martin, G.S. , Managing Cross-Cultural Business Relations: The Irish-German Experience, Dublin, Blackhall, 2004, pp1 - 35, [Keating, M., Martin, G.S., Brodbeck, F.C.]Book Chapter, 2004
• Cross-cultural Negotiation: The Case for an Interdisciplinary and Multi-Methodological Approach in, editor(s)Auer-Rizzi, W., Szabo, E. & Innreiter-Moser, C. , Management in einer Welt der Globalisierung und Diversität: Europäische und nordamerikanische Sichtweisen, Stuttgart, Schäffer-Poeschel, 2002, pp141 - 157, [Martin, G. S.]Book Chapter, 2002
• Indirectness in Irish-English Business Communication: A Legacy of Colonialism in, editor(s)Schneider, K.-P. & Barron, A. , The Pragmatics of Irish-English, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2005, pp235 - 268, [Martin, G.S.]Book Chapter, 2005
• Tradition and Innovation: Servant Portrayal in the Novels of Theodor Fontane in, editor(s)G. Carr, J. Barkhoff & R. Paulin , Das schwierige neunzehnte Jahrhundert (Studien und Texte zur Sozialgeschichte der Literatur, Bd. 77, Eds. W. Frühwald et al.), Niemeyer, Tübingen, 2000, pp275 - 286, [Martin, G. S.]Book Chapter, 2000
• Cultural Influences on Leadership: Project GLOBE in, editor(s)Mobley, W.H., Gessner, M. J. & V. Arnold , Advances in Global Leadership, Stanford, CN, JAI Press, 1999, pp171 - 233, [House, R. J., Hanges, P., Ruiz- Quintanilla, A., Dorfman P.W., Javidan, M., Dickson, M.W., Gupta, V., with Keating, M., Martin, G.S. et al.]Book Chapter, 1999
• Keating, M., Martin, G., Szabo, E., Do Managers and Students Share the Same Perceptions of Societal Culture?, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 26, (6), 2002, p633 - 652Journal Article, 2002
• Brodbeck, F., Frese, M. and Keating, M., Martin, G.S., et al., Cultural Variation of Leadership Prototypes across 22 Countries, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 73, 2000, p1 - 29Journal Article, 2000
• Brodbeck, F., Frese, M. and Keating, M., Martin, G.S., et al., Cultural Variation of Leadership Prototypes across 22 Countries, Journal of Occupational and Organisational Psychology, 73, 2000, p1 - 29Journal Article, 2000
• Simulation Exercises and Retrospective Interviews in assessing the Negotiation Skills of Irish Exporters working in Germany in, editor(s)Beneke, J. , Thriving on Diversity, Working Papers in International Business Communication, Vol. 4, Bonn, Dümmler Verlag, 1998, pp139 - 171, [Martin, G.S.]Book Chapter, 1998
• Cross-cultural Leadership Research: The Case for an Interdisciplinary Approach in, Thriving on Diversity, Working Papers in International Business Communication, Vol. 4, Bonn, Dümmler Verlag, 1998, pp47 - 63, [Martin, G.S., Keating, M. and Donnelly-Cox, G.]Book Chapter, 1998
• Koopman, P.L., Den Hartog, D., Konrads, E. and Keating, M., Martin, G.S. et al., National Culture and Leadership Profiles in Europe: Some Results from the GLOBE Study, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8, (4), 1999, p503 - 520Journal Article, 1999
• Martin, G. S., Matching Learner Perceptions of Language and Cultural Needs in Cross-Cultural Sales Negotiations with the Realities of the Negotiation Situation, Teanga, 13, 1993, p54 - 66Journal Article, 1993
• Royall, F. and Martin, G., The Status of Foreign Languages in Irish Export-Oriented Companies, Langue et Entreprise, Association Belge de Langues Appliquées, Papers No. 15, November, edited by Bogaert, E. , 1993, pp97 - 105Conference Paper, 1993
• Martin, G. and Royall, F., Language Needs in Industry, Industry and Higher Education, 7, (1), 1993, p51 - 52Journal Article, 1993
• Martin, G. and Royall, F., The Rip van Winkle Syndrome. When will Irish firms wake up to the Importance of Foreign Language Skills?, Technology Ireland, 24, (4), 1992, p42 - 44Journal Article, 1992
• Martin, G., Szabo, E. and Keating, M., Convergence or Divergence? How Students and Managers in Austria and Ireland perceive Societal Practices and Values, Beziehungen und Identitäten: Österreich, Irland und die Schweiz, edited by Holfter, G., Krajenbrink, M, and Moxon-Browne, E. , Peter Lang: Bern, 2004, pp357 - 374Conference Paper, 2004
• Martin, G. S., Teaching Business German in Ireland: Theory and Practice, Wirtschaftsdeutsch: Dimensionen, edited by Hartmann, D. & O'Mahony, N. , Iudicium Verlag, Munich, 2002, pp43 - 60Conference Paper, 2002
• Martin, G.S., Donnelly-Cox, G. and Keating, M., Culture, Communication and Organisation: What can Linguists, Psychologists and Organisation Theorists learn from each other?, Intercultural Communication and Language Learning, Proceedings of the RIA Conference on Culture and Language Learning, University of Limerick, 1996, edited by O'Baoill, D. and Chambers, A. , 1999, pp265 - 278Conference Paper, 1999
• Martin, G. and Royall, F., The provision of languages to engineering and science students: a survey of Irish third-level institutions, The Vital Link: Languages for Science and Industry, edited by Chambers, A. & Conacher, J. , Limerick, LRSU/University of Limerick, 1992, pp39 - 56Conference Paper, 1992
• Conversation Analysis, Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Teaching and Learning, London, Routledge, 2000, pp145 - 148, [Martin, G. S.]Item in dictionary or encyclopaedia, etc, 2000
• Martin, G.S., Review of Handbuch UNICERT, System: An International Journal of Educational Technology and Applied Linguistics, 28, 2000, p324-329Review, 2000
• Gillian Martin, Jonathan Crichton , The Handbook of Intercultural Communication in Health Care, Mouton de Gruyter , 2024Book, 2024
• Senkbeil, Karsten; Martin, Gillian; O'Rourke, Breffni, SpEakWise VR: Exploring the use of Social Virtual Reality in telecollaborative language learning, Euocall 2022, Reykjavik / online, 16-19 August 2022, 2022Oral Presentation, 2022, URL
• The language of situated joint activity: Social virtual reality and language learning in virtual exchange in, editor(s)Senkbeil, K. and Ahlers, T. , Virtual Reality in den Geisteswissenschaften: Konzepte, Methoden und interkulturelle Anwendungen, Frankfurt, Peter Lang, 2024, [Martin, Gillian; O'Rourke, Breffni; Werner, Sina]Book Chapter, 2024
• Language Teaching in the German Department at Trinity College Dublin, between 1900-1930 in, editor(s)Gisela Holfter , Rückblicke und Reflexionen: A History of German Studies in Ireland, Trier, Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2023, pp17 - 32, [Martin, Gillian ]Book Chapter, 2023
• Resick C. J. , Martin,G.S. Keating M A & Dickson M.W. , A Comparative Analysis of Ethical Leadership in Ireland, Germany and the United States, 18th International Conference on Systems Research, Informatics and Cybernetics , Baden-Baden, Germany , August 5 - 8, 2006, 2006, pp18 - 23Conference Paper, 2006
• Martin Gillian. S. and Keating M.A., , The Culture Leadership Interface: Insights from the GLOBE study on Irish and German Organisational Leadership, Irish Academy of Management, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland, 2-4 September, 2004Conference Paper, 2004
• Thabit, H., Martin, G.S., Nolan, J.J., Communication, Compliance & Culture: An Empirical Study of Diabetes Self-Management amongst Immigrants with Type 2 DM attending a Dublin Hospital, American Academy on Communication in Healthcare, Charleston, South Carolina, 9-12 October 2007, 2007Poster, 2007
• Keating, M., Martin, G.S., Resick, C.J., Dickson, M. W., A Comparative Study of the Endorsement of Ethical Leadership in Ireland and the United States, Irish Journal of Management, 28, (1), 2007, p5 - 30Journal Article, 2007
• Thabit, H., Martin,G.S., Brema, I., Daly, M., Walsh, S., Mannion, C., Nolan, J.J., Immigrant Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus have Poorer Initial and Ongoing Glycemic Control than a Matched Population of Irish Patients, Irish Medical Journal, 101, (6), 2008, p177 - 180Journal Article, 2008
• Thabit, H., Martin, G.S., Nolan, J.J., Diabetes Care and Health Literacy amongst Immigrants with Diabetes in Ireland, Conference of the American Diabetes Association , San Francisco, 6-8 June 2008, 2008Poster, 2008
• Martin, G. S., Resick, C. J., Keating, M., Dickson, M. W., Ethical Leadership across Cultures: A Comparative Analysis of German and U.S. Perspectives, Business Ethics: A European Review, 18, ( 2), 2009, p126 - 143Journal Article, 2009
• Martin, G.S, Nolan, J.J., Thabit, H. et al., Globalisation, Immigration and Diabetes Self-Management: An Empirical Study amongst Immigrants with Type 2 DM in Ireland, Quarterly Journal of Medicine, 102, (10), 2009, p713 - 720Journal Article, 2009, DOI , TARA - Full Text
• Intercultural Ethical Leadership Competence: Contrasting Ireland and Germany in, editor(s)Hutson, E., Sinkovics, R. R. & Berrill, J , Firm-level Internationalisation, Regionalism and Globalisation, London, Palgrave MacMillan, 2011, pp216 - 232, [Keating, M., Martin, G. S. & Resick, C. J.]Book Chapter, 2011
• Resick, C., Martin, G.S., Keating, M.A., et al., What ethical leadership means to me: Asian, American and European Perspectives , Journal of Business Ethics, 101 , (3), 2011, p435 - 457Journal Article, 2011
• 'The Irish are too polite': Analysing stereotype and identity dynamics in student webchat in, editor(s)Arnd Witte and Theo Harden , Intercultural competence: Concepts, challenges, evaluations, Oxford, Peter lang, 2011, pp393 - 409, [O'Sullivan, Helen, Martin, Gillian, and O'Rourke, Breffni]Book Chapter, 2011
• Conversation Analysis, Michael Byram and Adelheid Hu, Routledge Encyclopedia of Language Learning and Teaching, Second Edition , , Abingdon, Routledge, 2013, pp158 - 161, [G S Martin]Item in dictionary or encyclopaedia, etc, 2013
• Introducing Blended Learning into Tertiary Level German: An Activity Theoretical Analysis in, editor(s)John L. Plews and Barbara Schmenk , Traditions and Transitions: Curricula for German Studies, Waterloo, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 2013, pp315-332 , [G S Martin, H O'Sullivan, B O'Rourke]Book Chapter, 2013
• G S Martin, M Keating, C Resick, et al., The Meaning of Leader Integrity: A Comparative Study across Anglo, Asian and Germanic Cultures , The Leadership Quarterly, 24, 2013, p445 - 461Journal Article, 2013, DOI
• Pragmatics and Medical Discourse in, editor(s)Klaus-Peter Schneider & Anne Barron , The Pragmatics of Discourse, Berlin, Mouton de Gruyter, 2014, pp491 - 524, [G S Martin]Book Chapter, 2014
• Rejections of treatment recommendations through humour in, editor(s)Keating, M. A., McDermott, A., & Montgomery, K. , Patient-centred healthcare: Achieving Coordination, Communication and Innovation, Hampshire, UK, Palgrave MacMillan, 2013, pp145 - 157, [Schöpf, A., Martin, G. S., Keating, M. A.]Book Chapter, 2013
• G S Martin, "Sorry, can you speak it in English with me?" Managing routines in lingua franca doctor-patient consultations in a diabetes clinic. ', Multilingua: Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication, 34, (1), 2015, p1 - 32Journal Article, 2015
• Martin, G. S. , 'Well, I don't know what to say to that': Exploring tensions between the voices of medicine and the lifeworld in the management of diabetes. The case of an immigrant patient.:, European Journal of Applied Linguistics, 2, (2), 2014, p204 - 232Journal Article, 2014
• O'Rourke, B, Martin, G.S., O'Sullivan, H, A discourse analytic framework for conversational engagement in online discussion tasks., EuroCALL, Groningen, 20-23 August 2014, 2014Conference Paper, 2014, URL , TARA - Full Text

• Organisational Leadership in Germany and Ireland, German-Irish Business Yearbook, 2003, pp47 - 49, [Martin, G. S., Keating, M., Brodbeck, F.]Item in dictionary or encyclopaedia, etc
• Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Same Difference, German-Irish Business Yearbook, 2002, pp46 - 48, [Martin, G. S.]Item in dictionary or encyclopaedia, etc
• Martin, G.S., Irish German Business Negotiations, 1998, p9Journal Article
• Martin, G.S., Meyer, R. and O'Shaughnessy, S., Gesprächspartner Technik, Unterrichtsmaterialien Fachsprachen/Gesprächspartner Wirtschaft, Bd. 4, 1993Journal Article
• Martin, G. S., Donnelly-Cox, G. & Keating, M., Synergising Qualitative and Quantitative Methodologies in Interdisciplinary Cross-Cultural Management Research, British Academy of Management Conference: Back to Aston and Twenty Years on - What have we all learned in Management Theory?, 16-18 September, 1996Meeting Abstract
• Keating, M, Donnelly-Cox, Martin, G.S., Re-evaluating Hofstede: Preliminary Findings of an Irish Empirical Study on Managerial Leadership in Ireland, Management Research in Ireland: The Way Forward, University College Cork, September 12-13, 1996Meeting Abstract

My research is, for the most part, collaborative and interdisciplinary and my contribution to each of the projects in which I am involved is through the lens of applied linguistics. Broadly, I am interested in exploring intercultural communication in organisational settings, more specifically, in business and healthcare settings. In business contexts, my work has focused on the conduct of cross-cultural sales negotiation, including how greater integration might be achieved between the organisational, cultural and linguistic dimensions of negotiation in the design of second language teaching materials. Most of this work has centred on German-Irish negotiation and has involved empirical research with German and Irish business practitioners using a range of qualitative methodologies. I am also interested in how societal culture and organisational culture shape preferred leadership styles and have been a country co-investigator on the international GLOBE study (Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness) since its inception in the early 1990s. This is a multi-nation, multi-method, and multi-phase study which is currently investigating cultural practices, leadership ideals, and generalized and interpersonal trust in some 150 countries worldwide. Building on the earlier GLOBE research, I have also collaborated with colleagues on a comparative qualitative study on the meaning of ethical leadership and leader integrity in Ireland, Germany, Austria, the US, Hong Kong and China. In medical settings my focus is on exploring healthcare professional"patient interaction, in particular, how cultural and linguistic diversity impact on perceptions of care and its delivery. I am currently co-editing (with Jonathan Crichton) the `Handbook of Intercultural Communication in Health Care" (de Gruyter) which is due to appear in early 2026. The final area which I have started to work on recently (with colleagues here in Trinity, in the University of Hildesheim and the University of Leuphana) is an exploration of the use of Social Virtual Reality in the teaching of intercultural communication in the context of virtual exchange. This continues previous work undertaken over a number of years on telecollaborative exchange.

• Title

  E-Lab
  Summary

  To develop a suite of self-access on-line exercises and tests - E-Lab - for Junior Sophister Business Studies and German students to use on their year abroad).
  Funding Agency

  Teaching Development Grant (TCD)
  Date From

  2003
  Date To

  2004
• Title

  SpEakWise
  Summary

  This project aims to promote cultural and linguistic awareness amongst Business German students through E-learning. Students are matched with Business English students at a German or Austrian University and participate via web CT in both cultural and language awareness raising activities with an emphasis on business communication. Unlike existing web-based cultural learning programmes, the activities focus on understanding not just which values and beliefs differ or are similar across the two cultures, but also how their value systems are enacted and reproduced linguistically and pragmatically, i.e., how language is used in different cultures to achieve a particular communicative purpose. Phase one engages students in a process of cultural reflection and awareness raising using field research; word association and dialogue completion exercises; case studies; and critical incident analysis. Phase two builds on this enhanced awareness and involves students in task-based language learning on-line, requiring them to draw on knowledge of their mother tongue and the foreign language to solve problems, negotiate meaning and make culturally and linguistically appropriate decisions to achieve particular communicative objectives.
  Funding Agency

  Learning Innovation Grant (TCD)
  Date From

  2007
  Date To

  Present

• Kuratorium Award of German-Irish Chamber of Industry and Commerce 2007
• Election to Fellowship, TCD. 2003

• Member of the Association of Third-Level Teachers of German in Ireland
• Member of the German-Irish Chamber of Commerce
• Member of the Conference of University Teachers of German in Great Britain and Ireland

• Invited speaker at conference on 'Deutsch für Karriere und Beruf' in the Goethe Institut Dublin. January 2004
• Regular contributor to the yearbook of the German-Irish Chamber of Industry and Commerce and, most recently, guest speaker at the Chamber's annual Christmas lunch in December 2004
• Invited Speaker at Conference 'Diabetes in Crisis', Dublin Castle February 2008
• Invited speaker at a conference on Business German at Aston University, Birmingham. June 2001
• Guest Lecturer, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz December 2005
• Guest lecture at Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nürnberg. February 2000
• Dublin Institute of Technology, Kevin Street. External Examiner for final year students, BA in International Business and Languages 2004-2006
• Guest lecturer, Heinrich-Heine Universität zu Düsseldorf June 2007
• Guest lecture at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn. July 2002
• Assessor for NCEA (Degree in International Business and French/German in Carlow Institute of Technology). 1998
• Dublin City University, External Examiner, Advanced Negotiation Skills Since 2003
• Member of selection committees for the National College of Ireland, the DIT, the Civil Service Commission, and the Institutes of Technology for posts in Languages, Administrative Officer, Business Studies and Law. Since 1993