Dr. Maria O'Sullivan
Associate Professor in Human Nutrition, Clinical Medicine
Biography
Associate Professor in Nutrition and a Principal Investigator at Trinity College Dublin with over 20 years' experience in nutrition. I have a strong research profile across nutrition, particularly in vitamin D and inflammation, ageing, digestive diseases and in nutrition intervention studies/clinical trials (RCTs). I lead modules for the BSc Human Nutrition & Dietetics and Human Health & Disease undergraduate programmes, as well as postgraduate teaching and PhD supervision. I am the first Irish recipient of the Cuthbertson Medal (2013) awarded by the Nutrition Society at the College of Surgeons in London. I have several committee roles in IrSPEN, the Nutrition Society and the Royal Irish Academy; I am past Editor-in-Chief of Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (2012-16) which doubled in Impact Factor from 2.6 to 5.2. I am a proactive, motivated, enthusiastic professional with a proven ability for teaching, mentoring, research, publishing, communication, fundraising, leadership, project management.
Publications and Further Research Outputs
Peer-Reviewed Publications
Lauren Swan, Maria O'Sullivan, Austin Warters, Kate Irving, Socioeconomic and social factors among community-dwelling dependent older people with cognitive impairment in Ireland, Age and Ageing 2019; doi: 10.1093/ageing/afz102.55, 48, 2019, piii1 - iii16
I. O'Brien, K. Smuts, C. W. Fan, M.O'Sullivan, A. Warters., High prevalence of dementia among community dwelling older adults in receipt of state funded home care packages: implications for health care planning, Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, E-pub, 2017, p1 - 6
Boland K, Maher N, O'Hanlon C, O'Sullivan M, Rice N, Smyth M, Reynolds JV, Home enteral nutrition recipients: patient perspectives on training, complications and satisfaction., Frontline Gastroenterol. , 8, (1), 2017, p79 - 84
Kelly S, O'Brien I , Smuts K, O'Sullivan M, Warters A., Prevalence of frailty among community dwelling older adults in receipt of low level home support: a cross-sectional analysis of the North Dublin Cohort., BMC Geriatr. , 17, (121), 2017, p1 - 11
Aspell N, Lawlor B, O'Sullivan M, Is there a role for vitamin D in supporting cognitive function as we age?, Proc Nutr Soc., Dec 13:, (Epub ahead of print), 2017, p1 - 11
Maria O'Sullivan, Is vitamin D supplementation a viable treatment for Crohn's disease?, Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol, 10, (1), 2016, p1 - 4
O'Sullivan M, Vitamin D as a novel therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: new hope or false dawn?, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74, (1), 2015, p5-12
Raftery T, O'Sullivan M, Optimal vitamin D levels in Crohn's disease: a review., The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 74, (1), 2015, p56-66
Maria O'Sullivan, Does vitamin D protect the gut mucosal barrier? Mechanistic insights from experimental colitis., Dg Dis Sci, 60, (7), 2015, p1871 - 1872
Raftery T, Merrick M, Healy M, Mahmud N, O'Morain C, Smith S, McNamara D, O'Sullivan M., Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Intestinal Inflammation as Measured by Fecal Calprotectin in Crohn's Disease in Clinical Remission., Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 60, (8), 2015, p2427 - 2435
Tara Raftery, Adrian Martineau, Claire Greiller, Subrata Ghosh, Deirdre McNamara, Kathleen Bennett, Jon Meddings, Maria O'Sullivan, Effects of vitamin D supplementation on intestinal permeability, cathelicidin and disease markers in Crohn's disease: Results from a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. , United European Gastroenterology Journal, 3, (3), 2015, p294 - 302
Duggan SN, Smyth ND, O'Sullivan M, Feehan S, Ridgway PF, Conlon KC., The prevalence of malnutrition and fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies in chronic pancreatitis., Nutr Clin Pract., 29, (3 ), 2014, p348 - 354
Wilcz-Villega E, McClean S, O'Sullivan M, Reduced E-cadherin expression is associated with abdominal pain and symptom duration in a study of alternating and diarrhea predominant IBS, Neurogastroenterol Motil. , 26, (3), 2014, p316 - 325
T Raftery, A Martineau, C Greiller, S Ghosh, D McNamara, J Meddings, M O'Sullivan, Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Intestinal Permeability, Plasma Cathelicidin and Human Beta-Defensin-2 in Crohn's Disease: Results from a Randomised Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Study, Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, Florida, US, April 2013, edited by DDW , S, DDW, 2013, pp0 - 0
Dietary treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in, editor(s)Miranda Lomer , Diet and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, UK, 2013, pp0 - 0, [Maria O'Sullivan, Tara Raftery]
O'Sullivan M, Raftery T, Nic Suibhne T, Differences in obesity in Crohn's disease in Japan and western countries, J Crohns Colitis, Nov , 2013
E Wilcz,, S McClean, M O'Sullivan. , Mast cell tryptase reduces junctoinal adhesion molecule A in intestinal epithelial cells: implications for barrier dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. , American J Gastroenterol, E-pub , (Jan), 2013, p0 - 0
Nic Suibhne T, Raftery TC, McMahon O, Walsh C, O Morain C, O'Sullivan M, High prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults with Crohn's disease: Associations with disease and lifestyle factors., Journal of Crohns & colitis, Oct 3, 2012
Duggan SN, O Sullivan M, Hamilton S, Feehan SM, Ridgway PF, Conlon KC, Patients with chronic pancreatitis are at increased risk for osteoporosis., Pancreas, 41, (7), 2012, p1119-24
Raftery T, O'Morain C, O'Sullivan M., Vitamin D: New Roles and Therapeutic Potential in Inflammatory Bowel Disease., Current Drug Metabolism, 13, (9), 2012, p1294 - 1302
Nic Suibhne T, Cox G, Healy M, O Morain C, O Sullivan M, Vitamin D deficiency in Crohns disease: Prevalence, risk factors and supplement use in an outpatient setting., Journal of Crohns & Colitis, 6, (2), 2012, p182-8
S Duggan, N Smyth, M O'Sullivan, S Feehan, P Ridgeway, K Conlon, A transatlantic survey of nutrition practice in acute pancreatitis, J Hum Nutr Diet , 25, (4), 2012, p388 - 397
Sarah O'Donnell, Maria O'Sullivan, Niall Breslin, Humphrey J. O'Connor, Colm A. O'Morain, Paul L. Crotty, Barbara M. Ryan, 53. Isolated Active Ileitis: Serological and Genetic Profile, Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, Digestive Disease Week, Chicago, 2011, May 2011, 140, 2011, ppS-1 - S-1
E Wilcz, S McClean, M O'Sullivan, Mast Cell Tryptase Reduces Junctional Adhesion Molecule-A (JAM-A) Expression in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells: Implications for the Mechanisms of Barrier Dysfunction in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, Digestive Disease Week, Chicago, USA, May 2011, 140, (5), 2011, ppS-504 - S-504
Tara Raftery, Maria O'Sullivan, Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Events in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. , American Journal of Gastroenterology , 106, (11), 2011, p2042 - 2042
O'Donnell S, Murphy S, Anwar MM, O'Sullivan M, Breslin N, O'Connor HJ, Ryan BM, O'Morain CA, Safety of infliximab in 10 years of clinical practice., Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23, (7), 2011, p603 - 606
Maria O'Sullivan, Therapeutic potential of ketotifen in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) may involve changes in mast cells at sites beyond the rectum, Gut, 60, (3), 2011, p423 - 423
P Kelly, T Nic Suibhne, C O'Morain, M O'Sullivan, Vitamin D deficiency and cytokine levels in Crohn's disease, International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 81, (4), 2011, p205 - 210
Hughes DJ, McManus R, Neary P, O'Morain C, O'Sullivan M , Common Variation in the Vitamin D Receptor Gene and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in an Irish Case-Control Study, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 23, (9), 2011, p807 - 812
Ewa Wilcz, Siobhan McClean, Maria O'Sullivan, Mast cell Tryptase Alters Intestinal Permeability and Tight Junction Proteins: Implications for the Pathogenesis of IBS, Endoscopy, United European Gastroenterology Week (UEGW), Barcelona, Spain., October 2010, 2010, ppM1124 - M1124
Ewa Wilcz , Colm O'Morain, Siobhan McClean, Maria O'Sullivan, Effects of Tryptase and Mast cells on Intestinal Permeability and Tight Junction Proteins: implications for the pathogenesis of IBS, Gastroenterology , American Gastroenterology Association meeting, Digestive Disease Week, New Orleans, USA, May 2010, 138, 2010, ppS-625 - S-625
Duggan S, O'Sullivan M, Feehan S, Ridgway P, Conlon K, Nutrition treatment of deficiency and malnutrition in chronic pancreatitis: a review., Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 25, (4), 2010, p362-70
Murphy, G, Thornton, J, McManus, R, Swan, N, Ryan, B, Hughes, DJ, O'Morain, CA, O'Sullivan, M, Association of gastric disease with polymorphisms in the inflammatory-related genes IL-1B, IL-1RN, IL-10, TNF and TLR4., European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 21, (6), 2009, p630 - 635
Maria O'Sullivan, Joint Nutrition Society and Irish Nutrition and Dietetic Institute Symposium on 'Nutrition and autoimmune disease' Nutrition in Crohn's disease, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society , 68, (2), 2009, p1 - 8
O'Sullivan M, Nic Suibhne T, Cox G, Healy M, O'Morain C, High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in healthy Irish adults, Irish Journal of Medical Science, Feb 15, (PMID: 18274816), 2008
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Nutrition in Inflammatory bowel disease, Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology , 20 , 2006, p561 - 573
Dring M, C Goulding, V Trimble, D Keegan, AW Ryan, K Brophy, C Smyth, PW N Keeling, D O'Donoghue, M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, N Mahmud, A-C Wikström, D. Kelleher, R McManus., The Pregnane X Receptor Locus Is Associated With Susceptibility to Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Gastroenterology, 130, 2006, p341 - 348
Q Dong, M O'Sullivan, A Nami, P Dowling, G Murphy ,M Buckley, C O'Morain., 1. A genetic locus of Helicobacter pylori inversely associated with gastric intestinal metaplasia, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol , 44, (2), 2005, p243 - 249
Are we able to treat Inflammatory Bowel Disease with diet? in, editor(s)Vucelic B, Colombel JF, Grasche C, Scholmerich J , IBD: translation from basic research to clinical practice (Falk symposium 140). , UK, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2005, pp138 - 146, [T Nic Suibhne, CA O'Morain, M O'Sullivan]
ID Arnott, ER Nimmo, HE Drummond, J Fennell, BR Smith, E MacKinlay, J Morecroft, N Anderson, D Kelleher, M O'Sullivan, R McManus, J Satsangi, NOD2/CARD15, TLR4 and CD14 mutations in Scottish and Irish Crohn's disease patients: Evidence for genetic heterogeneity within Europe? , Genes and Immunity, 5, 2004, p417 - 425
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain., Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology , 7, (3), 2004, p191 - 198
A Qasim, H O'Brien, S Sebastian S, M O'Sullivan, M Buckley, C O'Morain, Platelet activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome may reflect a subclinical inflammatory response, Gut, 52, (12), 2003, p1799 - 1800
D Mc Namara, W Hall, M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain C. , Altered cardia epithelial cell kinetics induced by Helicobacter pylori infection and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: possible malignant potential? , European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 15, (7), 2003, p767 - 772
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Food Intolerance: Dietary Treatments in Functional Bowel Disorders, Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology , 6, (4), 2003, p339 - 345
Diet in Crohn's disease in, editor(s)T Shimoyama, A Axon, A Lee, DK Podolsky, C O'Morain , In Helicobacter meets inflammatory bowel disease, Tokyo, Japan, Medical Tribune Inc., 2002, pp453 - 467, [MA O'Sullivan, CA O'Morain, JM Buckley]
D McNamara D, M Buckley, P Crotty, W Hall, M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Carditis: all Helicobacter pylori or is there a role for gastro-oesophageal reflux? , Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology , 37, 2002, p772 - 777
Q Dong, M O'Sullivan, W Hall, C Herra, C Kean, C O'Morain, M Buckley, 11. Identification of a new segment involved in cagA 3' region variation of Helicobacter pylori, FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 33, (1), 2002, p51 - 55
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Liquid diets for Crohn's disease, Gut , 48, (6), 2001, p757. - 757
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Nutritional treatments in inflammatory bowel disease, Current Treatment Options in Gastroenterology , 4, 2001, p207 - 213.
M O'Sullivan, E Lovett, N Mahmud, CA O'Morain, Educational needs and patient knowledge in patients with irritable bowel syndrome , European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11, 2000, p1 - 5
M O'Sullivan, C O'Morain, Patient knowledge in inflammatory bowel disease, American Journal of Gastroenterology , 95, (8), 2000, p2128 - 2129
M O'Sullivan, CA O'Morain, Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome - a randomised double blind placebo-controlled crossover study, Digestive & Liver Diseases , 32, 2000, p294 - 301
M O'Sullivan, N Clayton, NP Breslin, I Harman, C Bountra, A McLaren, CA O'Morain, Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome, Neurogastroenterology & Motility, 12, (5), 2000, p449 - 457
A Baxendale,C Bountra, N Clayton, D Gunput, PPA Humphrey, K Kozlowski, A Mangel, M O'Sullivan., Irritable bowel syndrome as visceral hyperalgesia: implications for therapy., Current Opinions in central & peripheral nervous system investigational drugs, 1, (1), 1999, p86 - 97
MA O'Sullivan, CA O'Morain, Nutritional therapy in Crohn's disease, Inflammatory Bowel Disease , 4, (1), 1998, p45 - 53
Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in, editor(s)Scholmerich, Goebell, Andus, Layer , Inflammatory Bowel Disease - from bench bedside, Kluwer , 1997, pp303 - 312, [C O'Morain, M O'Sullivan]
Dietary manipulations - elemental and enteral in, editor(s)Allan , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 3rd Edition , Churchill Livingstone, 1996, pp535 - 539, [C O'Morain, M O'Sullivan. ]
C O'Morain, M O'Sullivan, The role of nutrition in liver disease, Irish Medical Journal , 89, 1996, p208 - 209
C O'Morain, M O'Sullivan, Nutritional support in Crohn's disease, J Gastroenterol , 30, (VIII), 1995, p102 - 107
Horgan NF, Cummins V, Doyle F, O'Sullivan M, Galvin R, Burton E, Sorensen J, Skelton DA, Townley B, Rooney D, Jackson G, Swan L, Warters A., Enhancing existing formal home care to improve and maintain functional status in older adults: Protocol for a feasibility study on the implementation of the Care to Move (CTM) programme in an Irish healthcare setting., J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls, 5, (1), 2020, p10-16
L Swan, A Warters, M O'Sullivan , Socioeconomic Inequality Is A Determinant Of Probable Sarcopenia In Community dwelling Older Adults. , ESPEN Conference 2020, Sept, 2020
Research Expertise
Projects
- Title
- Supporting older adults living in the community - a focus on health inequality and 'hard to reach' groups
- Summary
- This programme of work focuses on socioeconomic position and physical activity, sarcopenia and health variables in dependent older adults'. Including strategies to address intervention and policy
- Funding Agency
- Not for profit - North Dublin Home Care (registered charity)
- Date From
- 2019
- Date To
- 2022
- Title
- Embedding physical activity to improve and maintain functional status in older adults: A feasibility study on the implementation of the Care to Move (CTM) programme
- Summary
- This project is part of a collaborative multidisciplinary research programme that aims to promote physical activity and movement in ageing in community dwelling older adults and to support ageing in place. This HRB APA award is in conjunction with expert colleagues in RCSI, HSE, UL, Curtin University Australia and Glasgow Caledonian University. The research aims to examine the feasibility of using an activity programme that empowers older people to 'move more' and reduce sitting time, in community dwelling older people receiving formal home care - a cohort largely comprising adults aged 80+ years. Ultimately, the application would be to embed multimodal personalised supports in formal home care to improve outcomes and quality of life in older populations.
- Funding Agency
- HRB
- Date From
- 2018
- Date To
- 2021
- Title
- Effects of Vitamin D on cognition and inflammation in healthy older adults- A Randomised Controlled Trial
- Summary
- Investigations into the role of vitamin D on inflammatory markers and in supporting cognition in community dwelling older adults. Includes intervention and mechanistic studies.
- Funding Agency
- Irish Research Council
- Date From
- Sept 2014
- Date To
- Sept 2018
- Title
- Vitamin D deficiency in ageing, and associations with muscle function and inflammation
- Summary
- Investigations into Vitamin D deficiency in community-dwelling older adults and associations with muscle function and inflammation (inflame-ageing). This work is based on analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA); and analysis of RCT data.
- Funding Agency
- IRC
- Date From
- 2016
- Date To
- 2018
- Title
- Health, Demographic and Malnutrition Risk factors among Community Dwelling oldest old: analysis of the North Dublin Cohort
- Summary
- Investigations into the Health, Demographic and Malnutrition Risk factors among Community Dwelling oldest old, based on an analysis of adults receiving formal home care support. including cognition, physical function, health status, malnutrition, isolation.
- Funding Agency
- Not-for Profit
- Date From
- 2016
- Title
- Vitamin D and Inflammation: Optimal Requirements and Novel Roles in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Summary
- This program of research focuses on investigating the effect of vitamin D supplementation on inflammatory in patients with IBD, primarily through randomized controlled trials and mechanistic studies.
- Funding Agency
- Irish Research Council and TCD postgrad Award
- Date From
- 2010
- Date To
- 2014
- Title
- Vitamin D and cognition - an analysis of 25OHD levels and cognitive domains in healthy older adults.
- Summary
- A proof of concept study, with Niamh Aspell, in collaboration with TriL, Prof Brian Lawlor (TCD)and Dr Joanna McHugh (QUB)
- Funding Agency
- IRC and not-for-profit
- Date From
- 2014
- Title
- 'Role of tight junction markers and mast cells in gut-barrier function in colonic disease.
- Summary
- Principal Investigator - Higher Education Authority Program for Research in Third Level Institutes (PRTLI) Cycle 4 funding 'Centre of Applied Sciences for Health' CASH consortium'. Investigations into the intestinal permeability in colonic disease, including mast cells, JAMA, E-Cadherin and ZO1. Co-PI: Dr Siobhan McClean, ITT, Tallaght
- Funding Agency
- HEA (PRTLI) Cycle 4 and Meath Foundation
- Date From
- 2009
- Date To
- 2014
- Title
- Malnutrition, deficiency, and nutritional practice in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis
- Summary
- An investigation into Malnutrition, Osteoporosis and optimising best nutritional practice in patients with acute and chronic pancreatitis; Role: Academic co-supervisor
- Funding Agency
- HRB Therapy Award For Sinead Duggan
- Date From
- 2009
- Date To
- 2013
- Title
- Nutritional factors and inflammation: role of overweight/obesity in Inflammatory bowel disease.
- Summary
- Studies of obesity and lifestyle factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, including the impact of overweight/obesity on inflammation and co-morbidity in diseases traditional associated with underweight.
- Funding Agency
- Meath Foundation
- Date From
- 2009
- Date To
- 2013
Recognition
Representations
Editor in Chief of the Proceedings of the Nutrition Society (Impact Factor 5.2)
Royal Irish Academy, Committee for Life and Medical Sciences, Appointed Member
Member of the Scientific Committee; Member of the Publications Committee, the Nutrition Society UK
Chair of the Research Committee, and Management Committee member for the Irish Society for Clinical Nutrition & Metabolism (IrSPEN)
Research Committee Member, Health & Social Care Professions, Ireland
Irish Representative on the Management Committee for the European COST action 'BM1007: Mast Cells and Basophils - Targets for Innovative Therapies 2011-14'
Invited Expert Evaluator for EU FP7-Health (obesity-metabolism) as a remote reviewer, on-site Panel member and Panel representative, Brussels.
Invited Expert evaluator for the American Institute of Biological Sciences for grants awarded by the US Government Department of Defence. Washington DC.
Broad Medical Research Program for IBD, CA, USA. Invited grant reviewer.
Programme National de Researches sur la Nutrition Humaine (PRNH), France. Invited expert reviewer
Invited reviewer for over 14 high impact journals including British Medical Journal open; Cochrane; Gastroenterology, Gut, Inflammatory Bowel Disease; Journal of Crohn's and Colitis; Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics; Digestive Diseases ;'European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology'; Nutrients; Age & Ageing;
Member of the Management Committee and Scientific committee and a PI in the 'Centre of Applied Sciences for Health (CASH), a government (HEA/PRTLI Cycle 4) funded research consortium www.appliedscience4health.ie
Awards and Honours
Open Access best Paper Award, Social Care, Health Service Executive, Dec 2018
Dean's Award for Innovations in Teaching, TCD, for developments in inter-professional learning
Best paper published in the European UEG Journal 2016 for our team, Presented in Vienna, Oct 2016.
Sir David Cuthbertson Medal, awarded at the Royal College of Surgeons London by the Nutrition Society UK. First Irish recipient, in 23 years since award initiation
Honorary Editor in Chief, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
Mentored award winning graduate students e.g. Many distinguished Research Awards, Prizes and Medals
Formerly Editor for PNS, and Peer-Reviewer for 12 high impact journals.
Invited Faculty: American Gastroenterological Association, Focused Research Roundtable Session. Inflammation and Functional Bowel Disease May 2010, New Orleans, USA.
Invited and Guest speaker, e.g. University of Cambridge, University of Gothenburg, European and National Conferences
Young Investigator Award, Functional Brain-Gut Research Group, USA
Nominated for United European Gastroenterology Federation 'rising star in Gastroenterology'.
The Haughton Institute Career Support Award
Health Research Board Travel Award to attend the National Cancer Institute
Trinity Trust Travel Awards
Scientific Hospital Supplies Ltd., Postgraduate Research Scholarship
Graduate Medal in Clinical Nutrition & Dietetics
Awarded a place and funding for the highly competitive American Gastroenterological Association Academic Skills Workshop, Florida
Memberships
Royal Irish Academy, Committee for Life and Medical Sciences, Appointed Member
Nutrition Society Member (2007-date), Member of the Scientific Committee and of the Publications Committee of the Nutrition Society UK (2012-16),
Research Committee Member, Health & Social Care Professions
Chair of Research Committee, and Management Committee Member Irish Society for Clinical Nutrition & Metabolism (IrSPEN)
American Gastroenterological Association
Irish Nutrition & Dietetic Institute
Functional Brain Gut Research Group
Associate Member of Irish Society of Gastroenterology
European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN)
Women in Science & Engineering TCD (current) Association for Women in Science (2001-3)